Compile Mesa from source (note: doing this makes it difficult to get back to a clean package install):

1. Allow sources to be installed via apt:
   1. Bookworm and earlier: Uncomment the deb-src line inside /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list and save it
   2. Trixie and later: Edit /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.sources and add set Types to Types: deb deb-src and save it
2. Install build dependencies:
   1. sudo apt update && sudo apt build-dep mesa -y
   2. sudo apt install python3-pycparser
3. Install later version of meson:
   1. sudo apt remove meson -y
   2. sudo pip3 install meson --break-system-packages
4. Clone mesa source: git clone --depth=1 --branch mesa-25.2.4 https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/
5. Build and install Mesa:
   1. cd mesa
   2. meson setup --prefix=/usr --libdir=/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu build
   3. meson compile -C build (takes a while; 25 min on Pi 5)
   4. sudo meson install -C build

Note: You might want to clone a different tag/branch depending on your needs. mesa-25.2.4 was the latest version as of October 2025, and mesa-25.0.7 was the version that shipped with Pi OS Trixie at that time.

Also, if you'd like to override defaults for the build, you can run meson configure build/ to see available options, and set them when running meson setup build like meson setup --prefix=/usr --libdir=/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu -D gallium-drivers=iris,llvmpipe,v3d,vc4 -D vulkan-drivers=broadcom,intel build.